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La pandemia agrava riesgos y amenazas del agua y la energía entre las poblaciones latinoamericanas

Redacción /11-12-2029, actualizado 21-4-2021
Inseguridad hídrica y energética como desafío de gobernanza en la región es el tema del último informe de la Comisión Especial para América Latina de Naciones Unidas (CEPA). Y una de sus principales conclusiones que "los servicios hídricos y energéticos pueden verse afectados por una multiplicidad de amenazas de origen tanto natural como antrópico".

Algunas de ellas pueden generar impactos negativos tanto en la demanda como en la oferta de estos servicios, lo que vuelve crucial hacernos cargo tanto de los factores de vulnerabilidad a nivel residencial como los riesgos asociados a los sistemas socio-técnico-ecológicos de los territorios involucrados, considerando tanto los factores naturales como los antrópicos. 

Los altos índices de pobreza en la región obligan la revisión de las barreras que la población enfrenta para acceder a los servicios energéticos e hídricos, identificando las dificultades para satisfacer tanto sus necesidades fundamentales como básicas. Pero garantizar un acceso equitativo a servicios en calidad y cantidad suficiente requiere además el monitoreo de los servicios, el análisis de sus vulnerabilidades y el reconocimiento de sus incertidumbres. Por otra parte, enfrentar el desafío de asegurar una cobertura equitativa de servicios energéticos de calidad debe ir de la mano de los esfuerzos de descarbonización de la matriz energética, mientras el desafío de asegurar la disponibilidad de agua en cantidad y calidad suficiente para el uso humano requiere conservar y recuperar el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas de la región. 

En este contexto vemos en la necesidad de definir —al alero de los ODS— estándares mínimos para la satisfacción de necesidades hídricas yenergéticas, especialmente para aquellas que tienen un impacto directo sobre la salud, pero, considerando al mismo tiempo que la seguridad hídrica y energética posee realidades altamente diversas, cultural y geográficamente, por lo que los contextos territoriales son cruciales para definir los criterios de calidad y cantidad pertinentes para una población. 

La definición de estos criterios debiera ser capaz de reconocer la desigualdad a partir de abordajes interseccionales, que consideren la relación con variables de género y etnia. Para esto es fundamental reconocer los múltiples usos y valores relacionados a estos servicios, promoviendo la participación de múltiples actores en el diagnóstico y en la definición de paradigmas de intervención. En este contexto, desconcentrar, descentralizar y desjerarquizar parece una recomendación critica para mejorar los servicios energéticos e hídricos en los diferentes territorios. 

Al mismo tiempo es necesario construir condiciones de resiliencia territorial adecuadas para reducir el impacto de las posibles amenazas, limitando los efectos sobre la población vulnerable. 

Considerando los lineamientos de política pública, parece pertinente promover la integración regional, con el objetivo de diversificar la matriz energética y las fuentes hídricas, reforzando las posibilidades de respuesta con la colaboración internacional. Aquí es fundamental lograr una mirada sistémica que permita desarrollar un abordaje multidimensional, considerando las interdependencias e identificando los múltiples nexos asociados. 

Sin duda el fortalecimiento de instituciones, la integración de políticas y la coordinar de sectores es crítico para lograr combinar y complejizar las intervenciones en los servicios hídricos y energéticos, lo que además requiere asumir que las políticas públicas relacionadas también son resultados de procesos socioculturales, con limitaciones y posibilidades de transformación. 

Estrategias nacionales

Debido a la dificultad que supone acceder a información actualizada sobre el estado de implementación de los múltiples programas en los que se materializan las estrategias de seguridad hídrica y energética, recomendamos realizar una revisión en profundidad a través de un estudio dedicado exclusivamente a cumplir este cometido, ya que éste permitiría conocer los diferentes esfuerzos que los gobiernos de la

región están impulsando en seguridad hídrica y energética.

A partir del análisis desplegado, es posible afirmar que, en general, las estrategias no cuentan con un marco conceptual integral y quienes lo tienen no se pliegan a definiciones estandarizadas para la región. Esto podría ser un factor clave en una de las principales asimetrías entre la política pública dedicada a la seguridad hídrica en relación a la energética, a saber, que aún no se reconoce el derecho a la energía del mismo modo que se hace con el agua y los servicios hídricos. Así mismo, la discusión se limita al acceso (no en todos los casos universal), la calidad (entendida principalmente como eficiencia) y en ocasiones la equidad a través de políticas focalizadas que buscan mitigar los problemas de acceso y calidad producto de variables socioeconómicas o de aislamiento geográfico (ruralidad).

Respecto a los lineamientos descritos en las estrategias, se concluye que se condicen solo parcialmente con las recomendaciones identificadas en la literatura científica, lo cual podría interpretarse como evidencia de una débil relación entre la generación de conocimiento y la toma de decisiones. Entre los lineamientos considerados destaca, para ambos casos (agua y energía), la importancia de informar, concientizar y motivar a los usuarios a reproducir “buenas prácticas” en la satisfacción de necesidades hídricas y energéticas, dejando de lado el fortalecimiento de las capacidades territoriales para asegurar su provisión accesible, sostenible y resiliente. También se aprecia un especial interés en implementar tecnologías que mejoren distintas dimensiones del servicio, que para el caso hídrico se asocia a la sustentabilidad y para el energético a la eficiencia. 

En este contexto, y para orientar la política pública y optimizando la selección de lineamientos e instrumentos, se recomiendan tres indicaciones fundamentales: 

• Realizar estudios con enfoque territorial, que identifiquen las principales brechas y riesgos que deben ser atendidas en las estrategias de seguridad hídrica y energética. Utilizando enfoques idóneos para la observación de los problemas según sea su naturaleza.

• Promover la gobernanza hídrica y energética multinivel basada en evidencia orientada a garantizar el derecho al agua y la energía.

• Incorporar un enfoque interseccional que permita incorporar consideraciones especiales para poblaciones históricamente vulneradas, esto es, la observación de factores de género, etnia y desigualdad en la gobernanza del agua y la energía. 

COVID-19 y su relación con los servicios hídricos y energéticos

La pandemia por COVID-19 repercute de forma significativa en materia de gobernanza hídrica y energética. Por un lado, es importante considerar que la medida de confinamiento afecta de forma evidente la cantidad de tiempo que las personas hacen uso de sus viviendas, donde utilizan constantemente los servicios hídricos y energéticos. En este contexto, aquellos hogares con brechas en el acceso a estos servicios, sin duda encuentran mayores dificultades en enfrentar esta amenaza, considerando la importancia de la higiene personal para frenar la transmisión del virus, higiene que depende fundamentalmente del acceso a agua. Por otro lado, el aumento de horas en la vivienda se traduce en un aumento en el consumo de electricidad y otros servicios energéticos, como la calefacción, que para muchos hogares antes eran costos absorbidos por espacios laborales u educativos.

Por otro lado, el impacto de esta crisis sanitaria traerá consigo una importante crisis económica que repercutirá en toda la región latinoamericana. La suspensión temporal de trabajos, sumado al aumento del desempleo engrosará los números de pobreza en la región, agudizando las problemáticas asociadas a la equidad del acceso en materia de agua y energía. El COVID -19 cambiará la configuración socioeconómica que tenía la región, donde probablemente las brechas en el acceso a los servicios energéticos e hídricos se agudizarán. Los hogares deberán ser apoyados por la acción estatal, a partir de medidas como regulaciones de tarifas, implementación de ingresos de emergencia, bonificaciones y otro tipo de subsidios, para enfrentar los desafíos en materia de seguridad hídrica y energética en América Latina y el Caribe.

Pese a lo anterior, la presente crisis también abre una puerta para actualizar y transformar los objetivos de las estrategias nacionales, aumentando los niveles de integración y ambición, orientando la gobernanza hídrica y energética de la región hacia los lineamientos que permitirán asegurar el acceso a agua y energía como un derecho en nuestras sociedades.

Proyecciones del estudio y limitaciones metodológicas

La crisis sanitaria, ambiental, económica y social son, por sí solas y en su conjunto, vectores de un escenario hiper complejo que requiere con urgencia ser abordado con políticas sólidas, basadas en la evidencia con respaldo de la comunidad científica y coordinada tanto vertical como horizontalmente, sin embargo, la brecha de información (que varía entre los distintos países de América Latina y el Caribe) merma significativamente las posibilidades de mejorar cualquiera de estas condiciones.

De momento, contar con una serie de escalas y herramientas no compatibles entre sí genera confusión y posibles interpretaciones erróneas del estado actual de los servicios hídricos y energéticos en América Latina y el Caribe, reduciendo artificialmente la envergadura de los desafíos. De aplicarse en forma generalizada para toda la región, los indicadores propuestos permitirían mesurar el estado actual de los servicios hídricos y energéticos, establecer una línea de base para cuantificar los avances, comparar entre países y cooperar a través del intercambio de experiencias que permitan responder y adaptarse no solo a las crisis actuales, sino que a las que vienen. 

Un de los factores más importante que pone en riesgo la seguridad hídrica y energética es no contar con las herramientas analíticas que permitan comprender la interfaz entre ecosistemas y sistemas técnicos de abastecimiento. Si bien el marco analítico propuesto representa un importante avance en la comprensión los fenómenos que afectan los servicios hídricos y energéticos, el déficit de datos (por inexistencia o dificultades de acceso) representa una de las barreras más importantes para su aplicación. 

Con este documento se confirma la necesidad de que los gobiernos, en conjunto con organismos internacionales, logren dar visibilidad a esta urgencia, optando por incorporar en sus estrategias de respuesta y reactivación económica nuevos levantamientos de información que consideren la aplicación de instrumentos estandarizados para la región en su conjunto, capaces de contener la diversidad sin sacrificar la compatibilidad entre países. Paralelamente, la consistencia y persistencia que permite el marco conceptual propuesto favorecerá que las investigaciones aporten al logro de metas comunes, favoreciendo la trazabilidad a los esfuerzos y promoviendo una sinergia en el abordaje de los desafíos relacionados con acceso equitativo a servicios hídricos y energéticos de calidad para Latinoamérica y el Caribe. 

 

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